Despite hundreds of mHealth pilot studies, there has been insufficient programmatic evidence to inform implementation and scale-up of mHealth.We discuss what constitutes appropriate research evidence to inform scale up.Potential innovative research designs such as multi-factorial strategies, randomized controlled trials, and data farming may provide this evidence base.We make a number of recommendations about evidence, interoperability, and the role of governments, private enterprise, and researchers in relation to the scale up of mHealth.

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